[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":377},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation":3,"\u002Fblog\u002Fbrain-computer-interfaces":286,"\u002Fblog\u002Fbrain-computer-interfaces-surround":370},[4],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8,"page":285},"Blog","\u002Fblog","blog",[9,13,17,21,25,29,33,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,89,93,97,101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141,145,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281],{"title":10,"path":11,"stem":12},"2020 - The best Javascript Frameworks","\u002Fblog\u002F2020-the-best-javascript-frameworks","blog\u002F2020 - The best Javascript Frameworks",{"title":14,"path":15,"stem":16},"5 Essential Reasons for E2E Testing","\u002Fblog\u002F5-essential-reasons-for-e2e-testing","blog\u002F5 Essential Reasons for E2E Testing",{"title":18,"path":19,"stem":20},"5 Mistakes Front-end Developers should Avoid","\u002Fblog\u002F5-mistakes-front-end-developers-should-avoid","blog\u002F5 Mistakes Front-end Developers should Avoid",{"title":22,"path":23,"stem":24},"5 Things to motivate you to perform Unit Testing","\u002Fblog\u002F5-things-to-motivate-you-to-perform-unit-testing","blog\u002F5 Things to motivate you to perform Unit Testing",{"title":26,"path":27,"stem":28},"52 Articles, 7 Books and a Pandemic","\u002Fblog\u002F52-articles-7-books-and-a-pandemic","blog\u002F52 Articles, 7 Books and a Pandemic",{"title":30,"path":31,"stem":32},"6 Levels of Autonomous Vehicles","\u002Fblog\u002F6-levels-of-autonomous-vehicles","blog\u002F6 Levels of Autonomous Vehicles",{"title":34,"path":35,"stem":36},"ADAS","\u002Fblog\u002Fadas","blog\u002FADAS",{"title":38,"path":39,"stem":40},"Ambient Intelligence","\u002Fblog\u002Fambient-intelligence","blog\u002FAmbient Intelligence",{"title":42,"path":43,"stem":44},"Best 5 Hybrid Mobile App Development Frameworks","\u002Fblog\u002Fbest-5-hybrid-mobile-app-development-frameworks","blog\u002FBest 5 Hybrid Mobile App Development Frameworks",{"title":46,"path":47,"stem":48},"Best Practices for Code Testing","\u002Fblog\u002Fbest-practices-for-code-testing","blog\u002FBest Practices for Code Testing",{"title":50,"path":51,"stem":52},"Blockchains - How and Why?","\u002Fblog\u002Fblockchains-how-and-why","blog\u002FBlockchains - How and Why",{"title":54,"path":55,"stem":56},"Brain Computer Interfaces","\u002Fblog\u002Fbrain-computer-interfaces","blog\u002FBrain Computer Interfaces",{"title":58,"path":59,"stem":60},"Computational Fluid Dynamics","\u002Fblog\u002Fcomputational-fluid-dynamics","blog\u002FComputational Fluid Dynamics",{"title":62,"path":63,"stem":64},"Computer Vision","\u002Fblog\u002Fcomputer-vision","blog\u002FComputer Vision",{"title":66,"path":67,"stem":68},"Cryptography","\u002Fblog\u002Fcryptography","blog\u002FCryptography",{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},"Cyber-Physical Systems: Where Digital Meets Reality","\u002Fblog\u002Fcyber-physical-systems","blog\u002FCyber-Physical Systems",{"title":74,"path":75,"stem":76},"Design Patterns - Why and How?","\u002Fblog\u002Fdesign-patterns-why-and-how","blog\u002FDesign Patterns - Why and How",{"title":78,"path":79,"stem":80},"Edge AI: Revolutionizing Intelligence at the Edge","\u002Fblog\u002Fedge-ai","blog\u002FEdge AI",{"title":82,"path":83,"stem":84},"Edge Computing","\u002Fblog\u002Fedge-computing","blog\u002FEdge Computing",{"title":86,"path":87,"stem":88},"Embracing Decentralized Development","\u002Fblog\u002Fembracing-decentralized-development","blog\u002FEmbracing Decentralized Development",{"title":90,"path":91,"stem":92},"Extended Reality Simplified","\u002Fblog\u002Fextended-reality-simplified","blog\u002FExtended Reality Simplified",{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},"Good practices for Git","\u002Fblog\u002Fgood-practices-for-git","blog\u002FGood practices for Git",{"title":98,"path":99,"stem":100},"How do browsers work","\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-do-browsers-work","blog\u002FHow do browsers work",{"title":102,"path":103,"stem":104},"How to be a Full Stack Engineer","\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-to-be-a-full-stack-engineer","blog\u002FHow to be a Full Stack Engineer",{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"How to be an effective Engineer?","\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-to-be-an-effective-engineer","blog\u002FHow to be an effective Engineer",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"How to choose components for a desktop PC on your own","\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-to-choose-components-for-a-desktop-pc-on-your-own","blog\u002FHow to choose components for a desktop PC on your own",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Industry 4.0","\u002Fblog\u002Findustry-4","blog\u002FIndustry 4",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},"Industry 4.0 & Mixed Reality","\u002Fblog\u002Findustry-4-and-mixed-reality","blog\u002FIndustry 4 & Mixed Reality",{"title":122,"path":123,"stem":124},"Internet of Behaviours","\u002Fblog\u002Finternet-of-behaviours","blog\u002FInternet of Behaviours",{"title":126,"path":127,"stem":128},"Internet of Things","\u002Fblog\u002Finternet-of-things","blog\u002FInternet of Things",{"title":130,"path":131,"stem":132},"Let's talk about SOLID Principles","\u002Fblog\u002Flets-talk-about-solid-principles","blog\u002FLets talk about SOLID Principles",{"title":134,"path":135,"stem":136},"LiDAR","\u002Fblog\u002Flidar","blog\u002FLiDAR",{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Machine Vision -Transforming Industries AI","\u002Fblog\u002Fmachine-vision-transforming-industries-ai","blog\u002FMachine Vision -Transforming Industries AI",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Mathematics in Software Engineering","\u002Fblog\u002Fmathematics-in-software-engineering","blog\u002FMathematics in Software Engineering",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Micro Frontends - A Modern Approach to Front-End Development","\u002Fblog\u002Fmicro-frontends-a-modern-approach-to-front-end-development","blog\u002FMicro Frontends - A Modern Approach to Front-End Development",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Natural Language Processing","\u002Fblog\u002Fnatural-language-processing","blog\u002FNatural Language Processing",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Optimizing for Search Engines","\u002Fblog\u002Foptimizing-for-search-engines","blog\u002FOptimizing for Search Engines",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Physics Engine","\u002Fblog\u002Fphysics-engine","blog\u002FPhysics Engine",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Point cloud","\u002Fblog\u002Fpoint-cloud","blog\u002FPoint cloud",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},"Processes for Better Software Volume 1","\u002Fblog\u002Fprocesses-for-better-software-volume-1","blog\u002FProcesses for Better Software Volume 1",{"title":170,"path":171,"stem":172},"Processes for Better Software Volume 2","\u002Fblog\u002Fprocesses-for-better-software-volume-2","blog\u002FProcesses for Better Software Volume 2",{"title":174,"path":175,"stem":176},"Processes for Better Software Volume 3","\u002Fblog\u002Fprocesses-for-better-software-volume-3","blog\u002FProcesses for Better Software Volume 3",{"title":178,"path":179,"stem":180},"Quantum Computers","\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-computers","blog\u002FQuantum Computers",{"title":182,"path":183,"stem":184},"Quantum Computing and its Potential Impact on Software Development","\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-computing-and-its-potential-impact-on-software-development","blog\u002FQuantum Computing and its Potential Impact on Software Development",{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Quantum Cryptography","\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-cryptography","blog\u002FQuantum Cryptography",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"Ray tracing - What you need to know","\u002Fblog\u002Fray-tracing-what-you-need-to-know","blog\u002FRay tracing - What you need to know",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},"Reflections on how we code","\u002Fblog\u002Freflections-on-how-we-code","blog\u002FReflections on how we code",{"title":198,"path":199,"stem":200},"Robotic Process Automation","\u002Fblog\u002Frobotic-process-automation","blog\u002FRobotic Process Automation",{"title":202,"path":203,"stem":204},"Self Driving Cars - A Better Tomorrow","\u002Fblog\u002Fself-driving-cars-a-better-tomorrow","blog\u002FSelf Driving Cars - A Better Tomorrow",{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Semantic Web - A Smarter Future","\u002Fblog\u002Fsemantic-web-a-smarter-future","blog\u002FSemantic Web A Smarter Future",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Sensor Fusion","\u002Fblog\u002Fsensor-fusion","blog\u002FSensor Fusion",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Serverless Computing and the Future","\u002Fblog\u002Fserverless-computing-and-the-future","blog\u002FServerless Computing and the Future",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},"Shaders","\u002Fblog\u002Fshaders","blog\u002FShaders",{"title":222,"path":223,"stem":224},"Smart Home Automation","\u002Fblog\u002Fsmart-home-automation","blog\u002FSmart Home Automation",{"title":226,"path":227,"stem":228},"The Horizon of Cybersecurity","\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-horizon-of-cybersecurity","blog\u002FThe Horizon of Cybersecurity",{"title":230,"path":231,"stem":232},"The Perils of Ray-Tracing","\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-perils-of-ray-tracing","blog\u002FThe Perils of Ray-Tracing",{"title":234,"path":235,"stem":236},"The Psychology of Software Bugs Understanding and Preventing Common Mistakes","\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-psychology-of-software-bugs-understanding-and-preventing-common-mistakes","blog\u002FThe Psychology of Software Bugs - Understanding and Preventing Common Mistakes",{"title":238,"path":239,"stem":240},"Top 5 Advantages of MongoDB","\u002Fblog\u002Ftop-5-advantages-of-mongodb","blog\u002FTop 5 Advantages of MongoDB",{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Top Trends in Augmented Reality","\u002Fblog\u002Ftop-trends-in-augmented-reality","blog\u002FTop Trends in Augmented Reality",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Top features of Unreal Engine","\u002Fblog\u002Ftop-features-of-unreal-engine","blog\u002FTop features of Unreal Engine",{"title":250,"path":251,"stem":252},"Unity 3D - Why to go with it?","\u002Fblog\u002Funity-3d-why-to-go-with-it","blog\u002FUnity 3D - Why to go with it",{"title":254,"path":255,"stem":256},"Virtual Reality Advantages","\u002Fblog\u002Fvirtual-reality-advantages","blog\u002FVirtual Reality Advantages",{"title":258,"path":259,"stem":260},"Virtual Test Drive & Autonomous Driving","\u002Fblog\u002Fvirtual-test-drive-and-autonomous-driving","blog\u002FVirtual Test Drive & Autonomous Driving",{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},"WebAssembly and Progressive Web Apps","\u002Fblog\u002Fwebassembly-and-progressive-web-apps","blog\u002FWebAssembly and Progressive Web Apps",{"title":266,"path":267,"stem":268},"What are Best Practices?","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-are-best-practices","blog\u002FWhat are Best Practices",{"title":270,"path":271,"stem":272},"What are Digital Twins?","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-are-digital-twins","blog\u002FWhat are Digital Twins",{"title":274,"path":275,"stem":276},"What makes Mixed Reality the next big thing?","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-makes-mixed-reality-the-next-big-thing","blog\u002FWhat makes Mixed Reality the next big thing",{"title":278,"path":279,"stem":280},"Why Game Engines?","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhy-game-engines","blog\u002FWhy Game Engines",{"title":282,"path":283,"stem":284},"Why we need User Experience Design?","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhy-we-need-user-experience-design","blog\u002FWhy we need User Experience Design",false,{"id":287,"title":54,"author":288,"body":292,"date":361,"description":362,"extension":363,"image":364,"meta":365,"minRead":366,"navigation":367,"path":55,"seo":368,"stem":56,"__hash__":369},"blog\u002Fblog\u002FBrain Computer Interfaces.md",{"name":289,"avatar":290},"Aghil Jose",{"src":291,"alt":289},"\u002Fassets\u002Fimages\u002Fabout.jpg",{"type":293,"value":294,"toc":355},"minimark",[295,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,352],[296,297,298],"p",{},"Back in the early days of computing, data input was done using punch cards or\nswitches or reels of rapidly moving paper tape. Since that time, we have\ndeveloped increasingly fluid methods for human-computer interaction with\nkeyboards, mouses, monitors and touchscreens which now dominate our digital\nlives. But what if we could link the computational wetware in our own heads\ndirectly with a computer.",[296,300,301],{},"Brain computer interfaces or BCI's could include either input or output\ndevices. Input BCI's are comprised of sensors which acquire electrical brain\nwave signals together with processing hardware that extracts distinct features\nand translates them into useful commands. The other way around output BCI's\ntranslate digital information into electrical signals that are fed into the\nuser’s brain by electrode arrays or other stimulator hardware.",[296,303,304],{},"BCI's may be constructed using one of two approaches.",[296,306,307],{},"The first is non-invasive and may employ electroencephalography or EEG to\nacquire brainwave signals from sensors positioned on the outside of the skull.\nAlternatively, non invasive BCI's may feed electrical signals into the brain\nusing a TMS or Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation device.",[296,309,310],{},"The second way to build a BCI is invasive and currently requires surgery to\nposition sensors or stimulators inside the skull. Two output technologies have\nso far been trialled, with the first known as electrocorticography or ECoG,\nplacing a strip or grid of electrodes on the surface of the brain.\nAlternatively, intracortical microelectrodes can be implanted a few\nmillimetres into the brain where they may serve as either sensors or\nstimulators.",[296,312,313],{},"For obvious reasons today most BCI research is non-invasive. This limits its\nscope and application but even so some interesting results have been achieved.\nPerhaps most notably, many researchers have used EEG to acquire P300 brain\nwaves which are then processed to allow a user to input letters or commands\ninto a computer. Such interfaces are painstakingly slow, but without doubt\nthey can work.",[296,315,316],{},"Researchers at the University of Washington have even used non-invasive BCI's\nto send commands from one person's brain to another over the Internet.\nSpecifically, in a set of experiments in 2014 one test subject wore an EEG\nskullcap while watching a monitor screen on which a computer game was being\ndisplayed. But the fire button was in the hand of a second subject seated half\na mile away in another building and who had a TMS coil placed over the brain.\nTo shoot down Rockets the first user had to think about pressing the fire\nbutton. When that happened, brainwave signals were acquired by EEG, processed\nand transmitted over the Internet. In turn the TMS device induced an\nelectrical pulse into the receiving subject’s brain so causing them to\nexperience visual stimuli and press the fire button. Amazingly the\nsplit-second accuracy required to shoot down Rockets was achieved. In fact,\nacross three pairs of test subjects, success rate between 25% and 83% was\nobtained.",[296,318,319],{},"In time, University of Washington researchers hope to use BCI's to transmit\nmore complex ideas and thoughts from one brain to another. This could even\nallow for what they call brain tutoring in which knowledge is transferred\ndirectly from the brain of a teacher to the brain of a student. The team at\nthe University of Washington use highly sophisticated sensors stimulators and\nprocessing hardware.",[296,321,322],{},"However basic EEG BCI's are now available for consumers including the Emotiv\nEPOC, the InteraXon Muse and the Neurosky MindWave. Such low-end hardware\nmight actually record electromyographic signals from muscles in addition to or\neven in place of electroencephalographic signals from the brain.",[296,324,325],{},"For many years, we've been learning how to interface electronic hardware with\nthe human body. Since 1982, over 300,000 people have had their hearing\nrestored with a cochlear implant. These feature a surgically inserted\nelectrode array that delivered electrical pulses to its hosts’ auditory\nnerves. The cochlear implant electrode array is connected to a surgically\ninserted receiver stimulator which receives wireless signals from external\nsound processor connected to a microphone. Some external sound processors can\nalso receive and transmit audio directly from a computer. So already some\npeople have a computer feeding sound directly into their auditory nerves.",[296,327,328],{},"A company called Second Sight is also developing visual implants. Since 2011,\nmore than 75 patients have been fitted with a Second Sight retinal prosthesis\nsystem called the Argus II. This is implanted on and in the eye, where it's 60\nelectrode array stimulates the retina of somebody who has gone blind due to\nretinitis pigmentosa. Images are fed to the implant for an externally worn\ncamera which is connected to a visual processing unit and an antenna. The\nvision so provided is very rudimentary but does allow patients to identify\nshapes and even large letters.",[296,330,331],{},"Since 2016, Second Sight have also been developing a visual cortical\nprosthesis called the Orion 1. This tiny electrode array is implanted into the\nvisual cortex of the patient's brain so bypassing their eyeball and optic\nnerves. In January 2018, the first Orion 1 was implanted into a test patient.\nLike the Argus II, the Orion 1 implant receives signals from an external video\ncamera and currently allows its user to perceive patterns of light.",[296,333,334],{},"Another developer of brain implant technology is BrainGate. The first\nBrainGate neural interface system was created in 2002 by a Brown University\nspin-off company called Cyberkinetics. By 2008, the hardware had been upgraded\nto BrainGate 2 and was being developed by academics from five universities\nsupported by a score of institutions and foundations.",[296,336,337],{},"The BrainGate 2 implant is a 4 mm array of 100 electrodes that surgically\nimplanted. A decoder processes signals from the implant and in turn it allows\nthe user to control an external electrical device.",[296,339,340],{},"In 2008, a team from the university of Pittsburgh implanted a brain gate\nsensor into the motor cortex of a monkey. Over time the monkey then learned to\nfeed itself by using its brain to control a robot arm.",[296,342,343],{},"In May 2012, a team from Brown University implanted brain gate electrode\narrays into two paralyzed human patients. One of these was a 58-year-old woman\nwho learned how to use a robot arm to pick up a bottle raise it to her mouth\nand take a drink.",[296,345,346],{},"Clearly today BCI implants like the Orion 1 and the BrainGate 2 are being\ndeveloped to assist people with medical conditions. Nevertheless, the\npossibility has to exist for more advanced forms of such technology to develop\ninto sophisticated non-medical human-computer interfaces.",[348,349,351],"h3",{"id":350},"it-is-clear-that-bcis-are-rising-and-in-the-future-this-could-lead-to-some-kind-of-cyborg-fusion-between-human-beings-and-machines","It is clear that BCI's are rising and in the future, this could lead to some kind of cyborg fusion between human beings and machines.",[296,353,354],{},"Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed in the article belong solely to\nthe author, and not necessarily to the author's employer, organisation,\ncommittee or other group or individual.",{"title":356,"searchDepth":357,"depth":357,"links":358},"",2,[359],{"id":350,"depth":360,"text":351},3,"2020-12-13","A little about BCI's and its current state of affairs.","md","\u002Fassets\u002Fimages\u002Fblog\u002F141220\u002Ftitle.jpg",{},7,true,{"title":54,"description":362},"Mw4xmi6tMaR9N1x7A1daUTQwlhQmMIb_preR9RSSibM",[371,374],{"path":83,"title":82,"description":372,"date":373},"Edge computing - need and advantages.","2020-12-20",{"path":179,"title":178,"description":375,"date":376},"What is a quantum computer and how is different from a traditional computer?","2020-12-06",1790439209174]