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But this\nprocess is about to meet its physical limits. Computer parts are approaching\nthe size of an atom. To understand why this is a problem, we have to clear up\nsome basics.",[296,300,301],{},"A computer is made up of very simple components doing very simple things.\nRepresenting data, the means of processing it, and control mechanisms.\nComputer chips contain modules, which contain logic gates, which contain\ntransistors.",[296,303,304],{},"A transistor is the simplest form of a data processor in computers, basically a switch that can either block, or open the way for information coming through. This information is made up of bits which can be set to either 0 or 1. Combinations of several bits are used to represent more complex\ninformation. Transistors are combined to create logic gates which still do\nvery simple stuff. For example, an AND Gate sends an output of 1 if all of its\ninputs are 1, and an output of 0 otherwise.",[296,306,307],{},"Combinations of logic gates finally form meaningful modules, say, for adding\ntwo numbers. Once you can add, you can also multiply, and once you can\nmultiply, you can basically do anything. Since all basic operations are\nliterally simpler than first grade math.",[296,309,310],{},"However, with parts getting tinier and tinier, quantum physics are making\nthings tricky. In a nutshell, a transistor is just an electric switch.\nElectricity is electrons moving from one place to another. So, a switch is a\npassage that can block electrons from moving in one direction.",[296,312,313],{},"Today, a typical scale for transistors is 14 nanometres, which is about 8\ntimes less than the HIV virus' diameter and 500 times smaller than a red blood\ncell. As transistors are shrinking to the size of only a few atoms, electrons\nmay just transfer themselves to the other side of a blocked passage via a\nprocess called Quantum Tunnelling.",[296,315,316],{},"In the quantum realm, physics works quite differently from the predictable\nways we're used to, and traditional computers just stop making sense. We are\napproaching a real physical barrier for our technological progress. To solve\nthis problem, scientists are trying to use these unusual quantum properties to\ntheir advantage by building quantum computers.",[296,318,319],{},"In normal computers, bits are the smallest unit of information. Quantum\ncomputers use qubits which can also be set to one of two values. A qubit can\nbe any two-level quantum system, such as a spin and a magnetic field, or a\nsingle photon. 0 and 1 are this system's possible states, like the photons\nhorizontal or vertical polarization.",[296,321,322],{},"In the quantum world, the qubit doesn't have to be just one of those, it can\nbe in any proportions of both states at once. This is called superposition.\nBut as soon as you test its value, say, by sending the photon through a\nfilter, it has to decide to be either vertically or horizontally polarized. So\nas long as it's unobserved, the qubit is in a superposition of probabilities\nfor 0 and 1, and you can't predict which it'll be. But the instant you measure\nit, it collapses into one of the definite states.",[296,324,322],{},[296,326,327],{},"Another property qubits can have is Entanglement, a close connection that\nmakes each of the qubits react to a change in the other's state\ninstantaneously, no matter how far they are apart. This means when measuring\njust one entangled qubit, you can directly deduce properties of its partners\nwithout having to look. Qubit Manipulation is a mind bender as well. A normal\nlogic gate gets a simple set of inputs and produces one definite output. A\nquantum gate manipulates an input of superpositions, rotates probabilities,\nand produces another superposition as its output.",[296,329,330],{},"So, a quantum computer sets up some qubits, applies quantum gates to entangle\nthem and manipulate probabilities, then finally measures the outcome,\ncollapsing superpositions to an actual sequence of 0s and 1s. What this means\nis that you get the entire lot of calculations that are possible with your\nsetup, all done at the same time.",[296,332,333],{},"Ultimately, you can only measure one of the results and it'll only probably be\nthe one you want, so you may have to double check and try again. But by\ncleverly exploiting superposition and entanglement, this can be exponentially\nmore efficient than would ever be possible on a normal computer.",[296,335,336],{},"So, while quantum computers will not probably not replace our home computers,\nin some areas, they are vastly superior. One of them is database searching. To\nfind something in a database, a normal computer may have to test every single\none of its entries. Quantum computers algorithms need only the square root of\nthat time, which for large databases, is a huge difference.",[296,338,339],{},"The most famous use of quantum computers is ruining IT security. Right now,\nyour browsing, email, and banking data is being kept secure by an encryption\nsystem in which you give everyone a public key to encode messages only you can\ndecode. The problem is that this public key can actually be used to calculate\nyour secret private key. Luckily, doing the necessary math on any normal\ncomputer would literally take years of trial and error. But a quantum computer\nwith exponential speed-up could do it in a breeze.",[296,341,342],{},"Another really exciting new use is simulations. Simulations of the quantum\nworld are very intense on resources, and even for bigger structures, such as\nmolecules, they often lack accuracy. So why not simulate quantum physics with\nactual quantum physics? Quantum simulations could provide new insights on\nproteins that might revolutionize medicine.",[344,345,347],"h3",{"id":346},"we-still-have-no-idea-where-the-limits-of-quantum-computers-are-and-but-it-will-revolutionize-the-industry-for-sure","We still have no idea where the limits of quantum computers are and but it will revolutionize the industry for sure.",[296,349,350],{},"Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed in the article belong solely to\nthe\nauthor, and not necessarily to the author's employer, organisation, committee\nor other group or individual.",{"title":352,"searchDepth":353,"depth":353,"links":354},"",2,[355],{"id":346,"depth":356,"text":347},3,"2020-12-06","What is a quantum computer and how is different from a traditional computer?","md","\u002Fassets\u002Fimages\u002Fblog\u002F071220\u002Ftitle.jpg",{},6,true,{"title":178,"description":358},"xMZUmU9WPTt6jfWBkNNpkbPgptUJGBzCO03W1r5e6Dk",[367,370],{"path":55,"title":54,"description":368,"date":369},"A little about BCI's and its current state of affairs.","2020-12-13",{"path":63,"title":62,"description":371,"date":372},"How does a computer see the world","2020-11-29",1790439209200]