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It takes advantage of quantum’s multiple\nstates, coupled with its \"no change theory\", which means it cannot be\nunknowingly interrupted.",[276,280,281],{},"Performing these tasks requires a quantum computer, which have the immense\ncomputing power to encrypt and decrypt data. A quantum computer could quickly\ncrack current public-key cryptography.",[276,283,284],{},"Companies and governments around the world are in a quantum arms race, the\nrace to build the first usable quantum computer. The technology promises to\nmake some kinds of computing problems much easier to solve than with today’s\nclassical computers.",[276,286,287],{},"One of those problems is breaking certain types of encryption, particularly\nthe methods used in today’s Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which underlies\npractically all of today’s online communications. Instead of solving one\nproblem at a time, with quantum computing we can solve thousands of problems\nat the same processing speed, with the same processing power. Things that\nwould take hundreds of days today could take just hours on a quantum computer.",[276,289,290],{},"The commercial quantum computers available today are still far from being able\nto do that. The theories have advanced farther than the hardware. However, we\nshouldn’t wait for the hardware to motivate the switch to post-quantum\ncryptography.",[276,292,293],{},"Longer keys are the first line of defence against quantum encryption and\npretty much everybody is on board with that. Longer keys make encryption\nslower and more costly and the key length will have to increase substantially\nto stay ahead of quantum computers.",[276,295,296],{},"Another option is to use symmetric encryption for the messages themselves,\nthen use asymmetric encryption just for the keys. This is the idea behind the\nTransport Layer Security (TLS) online standard.",[276,298,299],{},"Many researchers are also looking at ways to create new kinds of encryption\nalgorithms that would still allow public and private keys but be proof against\nquantum computers. For example, it’s easy to multiply two prime numbers\ntogether but very difficult to break a large number back up into its prime\nfactors. Quantum computers can do it and there are already known quantum\ntechniques that could solve the factoring problem and many similar approaches.",[276,301,302],{},"However, there’s no known quantum method to crack lattice-based encryption,\nwhich uses cryptographic algorithms built around lattices. Lattice\ncryptography is the one that looks to be the favourite at the moment, simply\nbecause it’s the most practical to implement.",[276,304,305],{},"The best solution could be a combination of post-quantum algorithms like\nlattice-based encryption for the initial communication to securely exchange\nkeys, then using symmetric encryption for the main messages.",[276,307,308],{},"Can we really rely on lattice-based encryption or similar algorithms to be\nsafe? You can’t guarantee that your post-quantum algorithm will be secure\nagainst a future quantum computer that uses some unknown quantum algorithm.",[276,310,311],{},"This is where the laws of quantum physics can come to the rescue. Quantum key\ndistribution (QKD) is a method of sending encryption keys using some very\npeculiar behaviours of subatomic particles that is, in theory at least,\ncompletely unhackable. The land-based version of QKD is a system where photons\nare sent one at a time through a fibreoptic line. If anyone is eavesdropping,\nthen, according to the principles of quantum physics, the polarization of the\nphotons is affected, and the recipient can tell that the message isn’t secure.",[276,313,314],{},"However, the technology is extremely slow and requires expensive equipment to\nsend and receive the individual photons. A customer would need to buy a\ntransmitter and a receiver - both very costly as of now. It’s not too terribly\ndifferent from other high-speed fibre optics communication equipment and the\nprice will come down over time as more companies provide the hardware.",[276,316,317],{},"The big breakthrough last year was that QKD systems no longer require special\npipes. Now it looks like they’ll be able to use existing fibre networks, so\nthey don’t have to lay new fibre.",[276,319,320],{},"Then there’s the satellite-based approach. This one uses the principle of\nentanglement, which Einstein called “spooky action at a distance” and refused\nto believe was real. Turns out, it is real and there is a quantum\ncommunication satellite up and working for a couple of years now.",[276,322,323],{},"Entanglement isn’t about instantaneous communications that break the speed of\nlight speed limit. The way that it works is that two particles become\nentangled so that they have the same state and then one of these particles is\nsent to someone else. When the recipient looks at the particle, it’s\nguaranteed to be the same state as its twin.",[276,325,326],{},"If one of those particles changes, it doesn’t mean that the other particle\ninstantly changes to match - it’s not a communication system. Plus, the state\nof the two entangled particles, while identical, is also random. So, you can’t\nsend a message, but you can send an encryption key, because what you really\nwant in a key is a sequence of random digits.",[276,328,329],{},"Now that the sender and the receiver both have the same random key, they can\nthen use it to send messages using symmetric encryption over traditional\nchannels. To receive the signals, companies would need to put something that\nlooks like a telescope on their rooftops and then install some processing\nequipment.",[276,331,332],{},"Neither ground-based nor satellite-based quantum key distribution is practical\nfor general use since both require very specialised and expensive equipment.\nIt could, however, be useful for securing the most critical and sensitive\ncommunications.",[276,334,335],{},"If the integrity of the keys can be perfectly guaranteed by QKD, does that\nmean that unhackable communications are within our reach?",[276,337,338],{},"Most hackers, when they break into things, they hardly go head-on. They go\naround the side, and that's where you'll find problems with these\nimplementations. Today’s attackers, while they could, in theory, listen in to\ntraffic over fibreoptic lines, typically don’t do that.",[276,340,341],{},"There are far easier ways to read the messages, such as getting to the\nmessages before they are encrypted or after they are decrypted or using\nman-in-the-middle attacks.",[276,343,344],{},"Additionally, QKD requires the use of relays. Unless the sender and the\nrecipient build a pipe that goes directly between their two offices, and the\ndistance is short enough that the messages don’t degrade — about 60 miles or\nless with current technology — there will be plenty of opportunities for\nhackers. QKD networks will need repeaters when messages travel long distances.\nThose repeaters are going to become weak points and someone could hack in and\nget the key.",[276,346,347],{},"Also, QKD networks will need to be able to route messages, and that means\nrouters and hubs, each of which is also a potential point of vulnerability.\nPhysicists can say, this is absolutely secure, but there’s a danger in that,\nin thinking that just because you’re using QKD that you’re secure. Sure, the\nlaws of physics apply, but there might be ways around them.",[276,349,350],{},"Besides the security problems, it’s not realistic to expect that every\ninternet user will have access to an QKD endpoint anywhere in the near future.\nThat means, except for the most sensitive, high-value communications, better\nencryption algorithms are the way to go.",[352,353,355],"h2",{"id":354},"we-are-probably-decades-away-from-the-point-at-which-quantum-computers-can","We are probably decades away from the point at which quantum computers can",[276,357,358],{},"be used to break today’s RSA encryption. There’s plenty of time to upgrade to\nnewer encryption algorithms.",[276,360,361],{},"Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed in the article belong solely to\nthe author, and not necessarily to the author's employer, organisation,\ncommittee or other group or individual.",{"title":363,"searchDepth":364,"depth":364,"links":365},"",2,[366],{"id":354,"depth":364,"text":355},"2021-02-26","The need for quantum cryptography at the impending dawn of quantum computing.","md","\u002Fassets\u002Fimages\u002Fblog\u002F010321\u002Ftitle.jpg",{},7,true,{"title":170,"description":368},"tcXyBPmvkf4oLzT947_1JQn6yMcdHN9lPLfSLdvbkgY",[377,380],{"path":39,"title":38,"description":378,"date":379},"A small introduction to the developing concept of Ambient Intelligence.","2021-03-07",{"path":63,"title":62,"description":381,"date":382},"What is cryptography and why do we need it now more than ever.","2021-02-21",1790408587529]